Just for fun, I’m sometimes trying to hunt down etymologies of place names and try to translate them more or less literally into Ayeri. Here’s such a list. Be aware that it’s not terribly well-researched and authoritative, however, as my source has mostly been Wikipedia, so your mileage may vary. For good measure, the respective source for each item is linked. If there is more than one theory on the etymology of a name, I picked the one that seemed most reasonable (i.e. needing only a small number of arguments to explain), most easy to adapt, or otherwise appealing to me; if theories seemed all too insecure, contradictory, or no information could be easily found, I stuck with phonologically adapting the name into Ayeri. Again, I compiled this list just for fun and without pursuing any specific agenda, and certainly not with the intention to ridicule anyone’s country.
More countries will be added as I find time to do so. For sub-national toponyms, see the ‘toponymy’ category of blog posts.
Common name elements
For one, compare the page on place name elements. Further common elements referring to the naming of countries especially are the following, which will not be further indicated in the list below:
Component | Etymology |
---|---|
-ay | cf. aye ‘people, crew; community; tribe’ |
-bi(s) | cf. bayhisān, baysān ‘realm, empire’ (lit. ‘being-ruled’) |
bay- | cf. bayhisān, baysān ‘realm, empire’ (lit. ‘being-ruled’) |
-hem/-ham/-ha | cf. hema- ‘to lie’ |
-min | cf. mitan- ‘to live, to dwell’ |
-nera/-na/-ne | cf. nedra- ‘to sit’ |
-(r)i | cf. Ayeri |
hiro | ‘new’ |
nay | ‘and’ |
ternu | ‘holy, sacred’ |
North America (Amerika temis/Bayrami temis)
(Updated 2013-09-22)
Country, Territory/Native name | Translation/Ayeri Etymology | Capital/Native name | Translation/Ayeri Etymology |
---|---|---|---|
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua e Barbuda | Tado nay Piku tado ‘old’, piku ‘bearded’ | Saint John’s Saint John’s | Nasampangal ternu nasan ‘mercy’ + pangal ‘god’ |
Bahamas Bahamas | Karomprihin karon ‘water, sea’ + prihin ‘flat, shallow’ | Nassau Nassau | Nasau |
Barbados Barbados | Pikuye piku ‘beard’ + -ye ‘PL’ | Bridgetown Bridgetown | Nekaming nekan ‘bridge’ + -ming ← minkay ‘settlement, village’ |
Belize Belize | Bikanong bika ‘mud’ + -nong ← nongon ‘river’ | Belmopan Belmopán | Bimopan Bi- ← Bikanong + Mo + Pan |
Canada Canada | Minkayi minkay ‘settlement, village’ | Ottawa Ottawa | Ibucan ibut- ‘trade’ + yano ‘place’ |
Costa Rica Costa Rica | Ijamaling ijan ‘rich’ + maling ‘shore, coast’ | San Jose San José | Saganjyan ternu saganya- ‘add’ + -yang ‘he’ ~ -yan ‘masc. name suffix’ |
Cuba Cuba | Avankabu avan ‘soil’ + kabu ‘fertile’ | Havanna La Habana | Habana |
Dominica Dominica | Nanahangi na ‘GEN’ + nahang ‘Lord’ | Roseau Roseau | Siban siban ‘reed’ |
Dominican Republic Republica Dominica | Similitay Nanahang similitay ‘republic’, na ‘GEN’ + nahang ‘Lord’ | Santo Domingo Santo Domingo | Nanahang ternu na ‘GEN’ + nahang ‘Lord’ |
El Salvador El Salvador | Madaya mad- ‘rescue, save’ + -maya ‘AGT.NMLZ’ | San Salvador San Salvador | Madaya ternu mad- ‘rescue, save’ + -maya ‘AGT.NMLZ’ |
Greenland[1. Autonomous constituent part of the Kingdom of Denmark.] Kalaallit Nunaat, Grønland | Kalāli, Simildano Kalāli ‘Kalaallit’, simil ‘land’, dano ‘green’ | Nuuk Nuuk, Godthåb | Lakay, Gahāmban lakay ‘cape’, gahān ‘hope’ + ban ‘good’ |
Grenada Grenada | Luyaturayluyan ‘stranger’ + turay ‘hill’ | Saint George’s Saint George’s | Yetang ternu yetang ‘farmer’ |
Guatemala Guatemala | Mehirikāna mehir ‘tree’ + -ikan ‘many’ + -na ‘GEN’ | Guatemala City Guatemala City | Ayron Mehirikāna ayron ‘city’, mehir ‘tree’ + -ikan ‘many’ + -na ‘GEN’ |
Haiti Haïti, Ayiti | Similturay simil ‘land’ + turay ‘hill’ | Port-au-Prince Port-au-Prince | Peromaykong perong ‘prince’ + maykong ‘harbor’ |
Honduras Honduras | Tasananye tasanan ‘depth’ + -ye ‘PL’ | Tegucigalpa Tegucigalpa | Desayrang desay ‘noble’ + -rang ‘home’ |
Jamaica Jamaica | Mihankaron mihan ‘wood’ + karon ‘water’ | Kingston Kingston | Lanyaming lanya ‘king’ + -ming ← minkay ‘settlement, village’ |
Mexico México | Kayamin kayan ‘war’ | Mexico City México | Ayron Kayamin ayron ‘city’, kayan ‘war’ |
Nicaragua Nicaragua | Karonikar karon ‘water, sea’ + Nikar ‘Nicarao’ | Managua Managua | Karonya karon ‘water’ + -ya ‘LOC’ |
Panama Pamamá | Kanganinun kangan ‘abundance’ + inun ‘fish’ | Panama City Panamá | Kanganinun kangan ‘abundance’ + inun ‘fish’ |
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico | Ijamikong ijan ‘rich’ + -mikong ← maykong ‘harbor’ | San Juan San Juan | Nasampangal ternu nasan ‘mercy’ + pangal ‘god’ |
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Christopher and Nevis | Ninkrisyan ternu nay Kankana nin- ‘to carry’ + kris ‘Christ’ (loaned, though cf. harisa ‘oiled’) + -yan ‘masc. name suffix’, kanka ‘snow’ + -na ‘GEN’ | Basseterre Basseterre | Simileyra simil ‘land’ + eyra ‘low’ |
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia | Makavay ternu maka ‘bright’ + -vay ‘fem. name suffix’ | Castries Castries | Kastriyes |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Pisadan ternu nay Luyaturayye pisa- ‘conquer’ + -dan ‘masc. name suffix’, luyan ‘stranger’ + turay ‘hill’ + -ye ‘PL’ | Kingstown Kingstown | Lanyaminkay lanya ‘king’ + minkay ‘settlement, village’ |
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago | Kaykadisan nay Tartarihim kay ‘three’ + kadisan ‘unity’, tartar ‘smoking pipe’ + ihim ‘herb, weed’ | Port of Spain Port of Spain | Maykong na Tantani maykong ‘harbor’, na ‘GEN’, Tantani ‘Spain’ |
United States of America United States of America | Similye kadisu na Bayrami simil ‘land’ + -ye ‘PL’, kadisu ‘united’, na ‘GEN’, bayhi ‘ruler’ + rang ‘home’ (+ mico ‘powerful’) | Washington Washington | Tamoyaming tamo ‘wheat’ + -yan ‘masc. name suffix’ + -ming minkay ‘settlement, village’ |
South America (Amerika hinang/Bayrami hinang)
(Updated 2013-09-24)
Country, Territory/Native name | Translation/Ayeri Etymology | Capital/Native name | Translation/Ayeri Etymology |
---|---|---|---|
Argentina Argentina | Ijambis ijan ‘silver’ + -bis ← baysān ‘realm, empire’ | Buenos Aires Buenos Aires | Vemban ven ‘air’ + ban ‘good’ |
Bolivia Bolivia | Bāysupetang aysu ‘valley’ + petang ‘mill’ | Sucre, La Paz Sucre, La Paz | Pasono, Sempay pasono ‘sugar’; sempay ‘peace’ |
Brazil Brasil | Mihantuvo mihan ‘wood’ + tuvo ‘red’ | Brasilia Brasília | Mihantuvona mihan ‘wood’ + tuvo ‘red’ + -na ‘GEN’ |
Chile Chile | Cili | Santiago Santiago | Hangkurang ternu hang- ‘hold’ + kurang ‘ankle’ |
Colombia Colombia | Ruhayani ruha ‘pigeon’ + -yan ‘masc. name suffix’ | Bogota Bogotá | Panganibang pangan ‘end’ + ibang ‘field’ |
Ecuador Ecuador | Raganterpeng ragan ‘line’ + terpeng ‘middle, center’ | Quito Quito | Kito |
Guyana Guyana | Karonikan karon ‘water’ + -ikan ‘many, much’ | Georgetown Georgetown | Yetangkay yetang ‘farmer’ + -kay ← minkay ‘settlement, village’ |
Paraguay Paraguay | Nongonikan nongon ‘river’ + -ikan ‘many’ | Asuncion Asunción | Lingan lingan ‘ascension’ |
Peru Perú | Peru | Lima Lima | Narayaman nara- ‘speak, talk’ + -yam ‘PTCP’ + -an ‘NMLZ’ |
Suriname Suriname | Surineri | Paramaribo Paramaribo | Paramaribo |
Uruguay Uruguay | Uruvay | Montevideo Montevideo | Silvarivan silv- ‘see’ + rivan ‘mountain’ |
Venezuela Venezuela | Dikunimin dikun ‘passion’ | Caracas Caracas | Karakas |
Asia (Asiya)
(Updated 2021-06-18)
Country, Territory/Native name | Translation/Ayeri Etymology | Capital/Native name | Translation/Ayeri Etymology |
---|---|---|---|
Afghanestan افغانستان (Afghānestān), افغانستانت (Afghānistān) | Avagambis | Kabul کابل (Kābəl, Kābol) | Kabul |
Armenia Հայաստան (Hayastan) | Haykis | Yerevan Երևան (Erewan) | Vitran vitran ‘capture’ |
Azerbaijan Azǝrbaycan | Tupoyternubis tupoy ‘fire’ + ternu ‘holy’ | Baku Bakı | Pinay pinay ‘windy’ |
Bahrain البحرين (al-Baḥrayn) | Karosam karon ‘sea’ + sam ‘two’ | Manama المنامة (al-Manāma) | Yanibān yano ‘place’ + ‘nibān’ rest |
Bangladesh বাংলাদেশ (Bāṁlādesh) | Banglabis | Dhaka ঢাকা (Ḍhākā) | Daka |
Bhutan འབྲུག་ཡུལ (Druk Yul, Dru Ü) | Bagambis bagam ‘lizard’ | Thimpu ཐིམ་ཕུ་ (Thimphu) | Timpu |
Brunei Brunei, بروني (Brunei) | Karon karon ‘sea, ocean’ | Bandar Seri Begawan Bandar Seri Begawan, بندر سري بڬاوان (Bandar Seri Begawan) | Riman Pangaltiga riman ‘city’ + pangal ’god’ + tiga ‘honorable’ |
Cambodia កម្ពុជា (Kâmpŭchéa) | Kamboja | Phnom Penh ភ្នំពេញ (Phnum Penh) | Penturay Pen(h) + turay ‘hill’ |
China 中国 (Zhōngguó) | Similterpeng simil ‘country’ + terpeng ‘middle, central’ | Beijing 北京 (Běijīng) | Temivisam temis ‘north’ + visam ‘main …; capital’ |
Cyprus Κύπρος (Kípros), Kıbrıs | Kipri | Nicosia Λευκωσία (Lefkosía), Lefkoşa | Levakrang |
Georgia საქართველო (Sakartvelo) | Kartubis | Tbilisi თბილისი (Tbilisi) | Yanomato yano ‘place’ + mato ‘warm’ |
India भारत (Bhārat) | Tamisuyani tamisu ‘esteemed, cherished’ + -yan ‘masc. name suffix’ | New Delhi नई दिल्ली (Naī Dillī) | Dili hiro |
Indonesia Indonesia | Tadangliprān tadang ‘island’ + lito ‘border’ + prida- ‘shake’ + -an ‘NOMZ’ | Jakarta Jakarta | Sikatikan sikatan ‘victory’ + ikan ‘complete, whole’ |
Iran ایران (Īrān) | Desayi desay ‘noble’ | Tehran تهران (Tehrān) | Terān |
Iraq العراق (al-‘Irāq) | Irāki | Baghdad بغداد (Baghdād) | Bagadan |
Israel ישראל (Yisrā’el) | Sikampangali sikatan ‘victory’ + pangal ‘God‘ | Jerusalem ירושלים (Yerushalayim) | Sempaming sempay ‘peace’ + -ming ← minkay ‘settlement, village’ |
Japan 日本 (Nihon, Nippon) | Kohasil kohan ‘sunrise’ | Tokyo 東京都 (Tōkyō) | Kemavisam keman ‘eastern’ + visam ‘main …; capital’ |
Jordan اﻷرُدن (al-Urdun) | Apandaya apand- ‘descend’ + -maya ‘AGT.NMLZ’ | Amman عمان (Ammān) | Amān |
Kazakhstan Қазақстан (Qazaqstan), Казахстан (Kazakhstan) | Abagibis Shortened from abagisaya ‘nomad’ | Astana Астана (Astana) | Visam visam ‘main’ |
Korea (North) 조선 (Joseon) | Josen | Pyongyang 평양 (Pyeongyang) | Prihisil prihin ‘flat’ |
Korea (South) 한국 (Han’guk) | Hansil | Seoul 서울 (Seoul) | Visam visam ‘main …; capital’ |
Kuwait الكويت (al-Kuwayt) | Kuvay | Kuwait City مدينة الكويت (Madinat al-Kuwayt) | Ayron Kuvay ayron ‘city’ + Kuwayt |
Kyrgyzstan Кыргызстан (Kyrgyzstan) | Yolambis yolan ‘forty’ | Bishkek Бишкек (Bishkek) | Biskeka |
Laos ປະເທດລາວ (Pathet Lao) | Lausil | Vientiane ວຽງຈັນ (Viang chan) | Mihanverya mihan ‘wood’ + verya ‘fragrant’ |
Lebanon لبنان (Lubnān) | Makāni maka ‘white’ + -an ‘NMLZ’ | Beirut بيروت (Bayrūt) | Hasang hasang ‘source, well’ |
Malaysia Malaysia | Malaysil | Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya | Bikametan, Perongsikatu bika ‘mud’ + -kametan ← kametidān ‘confluence’; perong ‘prince’ + sikatu ‘victorious’ |
Maldives ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ (Divehi Raajje) | Tipaldangi tipal ‘necklace’ + -dang ← tadang ‘island’ | Malé މާލެ (Maale) | Tipaldang tipal ‘necklace’ + -dang ← tadang ‘island’ |
Mongolia Монгол (Mongol) | Tenday tendo ‘brave, courageous’ | Ulan Bator Улаанбаатар (Ulaanbaatar), ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ (Ulaγanbaγatur) | Hadaytuvo haday ‘hero’ + tuvo ‘red’ |
Myanmar (Burma) မြန်မာပြည် (Myanma) | Bamay | Naypyidaw နေပြည်တော် (Naypyitaw) | Lanyamitang lanya ‘king’ + -mitang ‘residence’ |
Nepal नेपाल (Nepāl) | Nepāl | Kathmandu काठमाडौं (Kāṭhmānḍu) | Pacamihan pacam ‘shelter’ + mihan ‘wooden’ |
Oman عُمان (‘Umān) | Umān | Muscat مسقط (Masqaṭ) | Yasikan yano ‘place’ + sikan ‘anchor’ |
Pakistan پاکستان (Pākistān) | Apitubis apitu ‘pure’ | Lahore لہور (Lahor), لاہور (Lāhor), ਲਾਹੌਰ (Lāhor), लाहौर (Lāhor) | Lopelang Loh + pelang ‘fort’ |
Palestine[1. Status as an independent nation disputed.] فلسطين (Filastīn) | Pelesti | Jerusalem القُدس (al-Quds) | Ternuan ternu ‘holy’ + -an ‘NMLZ’ |
Philippines Philippines, Pilipinas | Peledangi pel ‘horse’ + ledan ‘friend’ + -dangi ← tadangye ‘islands’ | Manila Maynila | Yanila yano ‘place’ + Nila |
Qatar قطر (Qatar) | Katar | Doha الدوحة (ad-Dawḥa) | Siray siray ‘bay’ |
Russia Россия (Rossija) | Kuhayi kuh- ‘row’ | Moscow Москвa (Moskva) | Maskua |
Saudi Arabia السعودية (as-Su‘ūdīya) | Baysān Saudi baysān ‘empire, realm’ + Saud | Riyadh الرياض (ar-Riyāḍ) | Mondo mondo ‘garden’ |
Singapore 新加坡 (Xīnjiāpō), Singapore, Singapura, சிங்கப்பூர் (Chiṅkappūr) | Latureng latun ‘lion’ + -areng ← ayron ‘city’ | Singapore 新加坡 (Xīnjiāpō), Singapore, Singapura, சிங்கப்பூர் (Chiṅkappūr) | Latureng latun ‘lion’ + -areng ← ayron ‘city’ |
Sri Lanka ශ්රී ලංකා (Śrī Laṁkā), இலங்கை (Ilaṅkai) | Tadananang tadang ‘island’ + nanang ‘magnificient, great’ | Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, Colombo ශ්රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ (Śrī Jayavardhanapura Kōṭṭē), ஶ்ரீ ஜெயவர்த்தனபுரம் கோட்டை (Śrī Jeyavarttaṉapuram Kōṭṭai); කොළඹ (Koḷam̆ba), கொழும்பு (Koḻumpu) | Sikatananang, Maykong sikatan ‘victory’ + nanang ‘great’; maykong ‘harbor’ |
Syria جمهورية (Sūrīyah), ﺳ ِﻮر (Sūriyā) | Asuri | Damascus دمشق (Dimašq) | Dimaska |
Taiwan[1. De facto independent, de jure part of China.] 中華民國 (Republic of China) | Similitay na Similterpeng similitay ‘republic’, na ‘of’ + Similterpeng ‘China’ | Taipei 臺北市 (Taipei) | Taytemis Tai(wan) + temis ‘north’ |
Tajikistan Тоҷикистон (Tojikiston) | Tajibis | Dushanbe Душанбе (Dushanbe), دوشنبه (Došanbe) | Samabahis saman ‘second’ + bahis ‘day’ |
Thailand ประเทศไทย (Prathet Thai) | Keynasil keynam ‘people’ | Bangkok กรุงเทพ (Krung Thep) | Pangareng pangal ‘god, deity’ + -areng ← ayron ‘city’ |
Timor-Leste Timor-Leste, Timor Lorosa’e | Keman-keman keman ‘east’ | Dili Díli | Dili |
Turkey Türkiye | Turki | Ankara Ankara | Sikan sikan ‘weight, anchor’ |
Turkmenistan Türkmenistan | Turkibis | Ashgabat Aşgabat, عشقآباد (Ešq-ābād), Ашхабад (Ashkhabad) | Ilisāreng ilisān ‘devotion’ + -areng ← ayron ‘city’ |
United Arab Emirates الإمارات (al-Imārāt) | Nosāyi nosāya ‘commander, chief’ | Abu Dhabi أبو ظبي (Abū Ẓabī) | Badanikam badan ‘father’ + ikam ‘deer’ |
Uzbekistan O‘zbekiston | Dapalbis dapal ‘chief’ | Tashkent Toshkent, Тошкент (Toshkent), Ташкент (Tashkent) | Yelangreng yelang ‘stone’ + -areng ← ayron ‘city’ |
Vietnam Việt Nam | Yehinang Việt/Yuè + hinang ‘southern’ | Hanoi Hà Nội | Mesanong mesam- ‘divide’ + nongon ‘river’ |
Yemen اليمن (al-Yaman) | Torayan torayan ‘blessing’ | Sana’a صنعاء (Ṣan‘ā’) | Pelamban pelang ‘fort, fortress’ + ban ‘good’ |
Europe (Eropa/Apani)
(Updated 2019-02-16)
Country, Territory/Native name | Translation/Ayeri Etymology | Capital/Native name | Translation/Ayeri Etymology |
---|---|---|---|
Albania Shqipëria | Bihani bihan- ‘understand’ | Tirana Tiranë | Tirana |
Andorra Andorra | Vinim vinim ‘forest’ | Andorra la Vella Andorra la Vella | Vinim Tado vinim ‘forest’, tado ‘old’ |
Armenia Հայաստան (Hayastan) | Haykis | Yerevan Երևան (Erewan) | Vitran vitran ‘capture’ |
Austria Österreich | Baysānkeman baysān ‘realm’ + keman ‘eastern’ | Vienna Wien | Vinang |
Belarus Беларусь (Belarus’) | Kuhayi Maka kuh- ‘row’, maka ‘white’ | Minsk Мінск (Minsk) | Miming Měn + -ming ← minkay ‘settlement, village’ |
Belgium België, Belgique | Kritānga krito ‘angry’ | Brussels Brussel, Bruxelles | Avararāng avararan ‘wetland’ + rang ‘home’ |
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia i Herzegovina | Metida nay Haginasil metida- ‘flow’, haginang ‘duke, captain’ + -sil ← simil ‘land’ | Sarajevo Sarajevo | Mitan mitan ‘palace’ |
Bulgaria България (Bălgarija) | Gababi gaba- ‘mix’ | Sofia София (Sofija) | Ditavāya ditavay ‘wisdom’ + -vaya ‘F.AGT.NOMZ’ |
Croatia Hrvatska | Krovati | Zagreb Zagreb | Pangaling pang ‘behind’ + maling ‘shore’ |
Cyprus Κύπρος (Kípros), Kıbrıs | Kipri | Nicosia Λευκωσία (Lefkosía), Lefkoşa | Levakrang |
Czech Republic Česko | Cehi | Prague Praha | Lukay lukay ‘ford’ |
Denmark Danmark | Litoprihi lito ‘border’ + prihin ‘flat, plain’ | Copenhagen København | Butaymikong ibutaya ‘trader’ + maykong ‘harbor’ |
Estonia Eesti | Kemani keman ‘east’ | Tallinn Tallinn | Talin |
Faroe Islands[1. Not strictly an independent nation, but still notable enough to be included here.] Føroyar | Tadamavi tadang ‘island’ + mavi ‘sheep’ | Torshavn Tórshavn | Rugomaykong rugon ‘thunder’ + maykong ‘harbor’ |
Finland Suomi | Simi simil ‘land’ | Helsinki Helsinki | Hesikarang karang ‘rapids’ |
France France | Kahani kahan ‘spear’ | Paris Paris | Pari |
Georgia საქართველო (Sakartvelo) | Kartubis | Tbilisi თბილისი (Tbilisi) | Yanomato yano ‘place’ + mato ‘warm’ |
Germany Deutschland | Keynami keynam ‘people’ | Berlin Berlin | Vangareng vangan ‘swamp’ |
Greece Ελλάς (Ellás) | Helas | Athens Αθήνα (Athína) | Atina |
Holy See Città del Vaticano, Civitas Vaticana | Nisahaming nisahan ‘prophecy’ + -ming ← minkay ‘settlement, village’ | Vatican City Città del Vaticano, Civitas Vaticana | Nisahaming nisahan ‘prophecy’ + -ming ← minkay ‘settlement, village’ |
Hungary Magyarország | Majari Majar | Budapest Budapest | Karonhelan karon ‘water’ + helan ‘oven’ |
Iceland Ísland | Similkarsang simil ‘land’ + karsang ‘ice’ | Reykjavik Reykjavík | Runusay runu ‘smoke’ + -say ← siray ‘bay’ |
Ireland Éire | Īri | Dublin Dublin, Baile Átha Cliath | Duhalukay duhas ‘hurdle’ + lukay ‘ford’ |
Italy Italia | Labani laban ‘calf’ | Rome Roma | Ruminkay Roma + minkay ‘settlement, village’ |
Kosovo[1. Status as an independent nation disputed.] Kosovë, Kosova, Косово (Kosovo) | Vipibang vipin ‘bird’ + ibang ‘field’ | Pristina Priština, Приштина (Prishtina), Prishtinë | Pristina |
Latvia Latvija | Nujiray nuj- ‘pour’ + iray ‘high’ | Riga Rīga | Penung penung ‘barn’ |
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein | Yelamaka yelang ‘stone’ + maka ‘white, bright’ | Vaduz Vaduz | Karonekan karon ‘water’ + nekan ‘bridge’ |
Lithuania Lietuvos | Nujireng nuj- ‘pour’ + eyreng ‘lower’ | Vilnius Vilnius | Sintokivo sinto ‘wave’ + kivo ‘small’ |
Luxembourg Luxembourg, Luxemburg, Lëtzebuerg | Kivareng kivo ‘small’ + -areng ← ayron ‘castle’ | Luxembourg Luxembourg, Luxemburg, Lëtzebuerg | Kivareng kivo ‘small’ + -areng ← ayron ‘castle’ |
Malta Malta | Tadampaso tadang ‘island’ + paso ‘sweet’ | Valletta Valletta | Valeta |
Moldova Moldova | Moldova | Chişinău Chişinău | Hirobay hiro ‘new’ + -bay ← bayo ‘spring’ |
Monaco Monaco | Mitankebay mitan ‘dwell’ + kebay ‘alone’ | Monaco Monaco | Mitankebay mitan ‘dwell’ + kebay ‘alone’ |
Montenegro Црна Гора (Crna Gora) | Rivamakārya rivan ‘mountain’ + makārya ‘black’ | Podgorica Подгорица (Podgorica) | Eyranturay eyran ‘under, below’ + turay ‘hill’ |
Netherlands Nederlands | Similye eyra simil ‘land’ + -ye ‘PL’, eyra ‘low’ | Amsterdam, The Hague Amsterdam, ‘s-Gravenhage/Den Haag | Amsukray, Turay(nahang)sukran ‘dam’; turay ‘hill’ (+ nahang ‘lord’) |
North Macedonia Северна Македонија (Severna Makedonija) | Nakeri temis nake ‘tall’, temis ‘north, northern’ | Skopje Скопје (Skopje) | Sekopya |
Norway Norge | Sasāntemis sasān ‘way’ + temis ‘north’ | Oslo Oslo | Pramitray prami ‘meadow’ + -tray < turay ‘hill’ |
Poland Polska | Baybang ibang ‘field’ | Warsaw Warszawa | Varsava |
Portugal Portugal | Vemaykong veno ‘beautiful’ + maykong ‘harbor’ | Lisbon Lisboa | Pakamaykong paka ‘safe’ + maykong ‘harbor’ |
Romania România | Rumayi Rumay ‘Roman people’ | Bucharest Bucureşti | Palay palay ‘joy’ |
Russia Россия (Rossija) | Kuhayi kuh- ‘row’ | Moscow Москвa (Moskva) | Maskua |
San Marino San Marino | Karonyan ternu karon ‘water, sea’ + -yan ‘masc. name suffix’ | San Marino San Marino | Karonyan ternu karon ‘water, sea’ + -yan ‘masc. name suffix’ |
Serbia Србија (Srbija) | Kamay kamo ‘same’ | Belgrade Београд (Beograd) | Makayron maka ‘white’ + ayron ‘city’ |
Slovakia Slovensko | Narkamin nara- ‘speak’ + kamo ‘same’ | Bratislava Bratislava | Presal |
Slovenia Slovenija | Narakamo nara- ‘speak’ + kamo ‘same’ | Ljubljana Ljubljana | Caysu caisu ‘beloved’ |
Spain España | Tantani tantang ‘rabbit’ | Madrid Madrid | Lukibang lukay ‘ford’ + ibang ‘field’ |
Sweden Sverige | Sitangi sitang ‘self, own’ | Stockholm Stockholm | Mihantang mihan ‘wood’ + -tang ← tadang ‘island’ |
Switzerland Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera | Suymin | Berne Bern | Sepraming sepran ‘slit, crack, cleft’ + -ming ← minkay ‘settlement, village’ |
Turkey Türkiye | Turki | Ankara Ankara | Sikan sikan ‘weight, anchor’ |
Ukraine Україна (Ukrayina) | Similitanye similitan ‘borderland’ | Kyiv Київ (Kiyiv) | Cīna Cī ← Kyi + -na ‘GEN’ |
United Kingdom United Kingdom | Lagasim Kadisu lagasim ‘kingdom’, kadisu ‘united’ | London London | London |